پیوندهای مفید
اخبار و اعلانات
آمار
| تعداد نشریات | 43 |
| تعداد شماره‌ها | 1,713 |
| تعداد مقالات | 14,040 |
| تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 33,958,227 |
| تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 13,596,975 |
Investigation of commonly used medicinal plants in the herbal markets of Isfahan, Iran | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| تاکسونومی و بیوسیستماتیک | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| مقالات آماده انتشار، پذیرفته شده، انتشار آنلاین از تاریخ 26 اسفند 1403 اصل مقاله (1.19 M) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22108/tbj.2025.144121.1296 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| نویسندگان | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Shabnam Abbasi1؛ Peyman Aghaei2؛ Mohammad Sadegh Amiri2؛ Maryam Haerinasab* 2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1Assistant Professor, Department of Biology Education, Farhangian University, P.O. Box 14665-889, Tehran, Iran | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2Assistant Professor, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Payame Noor University, P.O. Box 19395-3697, Tehran, Iran | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| چکیده | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Herbal markets play an important role in the exchange of medicinal knowledge between people. Studying the plants found in herbal markets is crucial for understanding their role in health, science, economics, and culture. This study aimed to investigate the contemporary usage of medicinal plants in traditional medicine practices in Isfahan, Iran. An ethnobotanical survey was conducted during different seasons of 2024. Data were collected through interviews with informants in the herbal markets of Isfahan by using a semi–structured questionnaire. Samples were collected and identified by botanical taxonomic method. Data were analyzed using quantitative value indices: RFC, UV, RI, and ICF. By surveying herbal markets and analyzing plant samples, 82 medicinal plants were documented. Most recorded medicinal plant species were used to treat respiratory system problems. This study found that Avishan, Ostokhodos, and Babooneh are the most popular medicinal plants among Isfahan residents. The study also revealed a preference for native plant species and the use of plant parts such as flowers, leaves, and seeds to treat different ailments. The results showed that while the study highlights the significance of medicinal plants in Isfahan’s culture, it also identifies challenges such as a lack of standardized regulations, limited customer awareness, and quality control issues. Overall, this research underscores the potential of medicinal plants in Isfahan and emphasizes the need to address existing challenges to ensure the sustainable development of this industry. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ethnobotanical survey؛ Herbal stores؛ Indigenous knowledge؛ Traditional medicine؛ Isfahan | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Introduction Medicinal plants have been an integral part of human health and well-being for centuries. These plants have served as a primary source of medicine and food, and they continue to be valued for their natural and organic characteristics. A diverse range of medicinal plants is used in various forms, both raw and processed, across the pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic industries (Yang et al., 2024). The use of medicinal plants in traditional medicine can be traced back thousands of years. In ancient civilizations like Egypt, China, and India, these plants were widely employed in therapeutic practices. Traditional knowledge and experience related to medicinal plants have been passed down through generations. Medicinal plants are essential for sustainable development, and Asian countries possess significant potential in the field of medicinal plant products, offering promising opportunities for investment and growth (Astutik et al., 2019). Medicinal plants offer sustainable and natural alternatives to synthetic medicines, helping preserve the environment and natural resources. The cultivation of these plants can also support sustainable livelihoods in local communities. Compared to conventional chemical drugs, medicinal plants have a lower environmental impact and contribute significantly to biodiversity conservation (Popoola, 2024). According to multiple sources, medicinal plants offer several benefits, including strengthening the immune system through their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. They also support digestive health, alleviate pain and inflammation, and promote relaxation. Furthermore, medicinal plants play a significant role in treating various diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, cancer, lung diseases, and neurological disorders (Amiri & Joharchi, 2013; Fattahi Ardakani et al., 2024; Mahdavi et al., 2021; Majidi et al., 2024; Saadati et al., 2022; Umair et al., 2024; Uzun & Koca, 2020; Maleki et al., 2025). Iran has a long and rich history of traditional medicine. Today, medicinal plants continue to be widely used in Iran, and people from diverse cultural backgrounds incorporate them into their healthcare practices (Kiasi et al., 2023; Hajipour et al., 2024). The widespread use of medicinal plants in various cities underscores their enduring importance as natural resources. In many towns and villages, specialized stores, known as herbal shops, sell a diverse range of medicinal plants and are often operated by experienced herbalists. Isfahan province is a historical and tourist-attracting region in central Iran that borders the central desert. The province exhibits geographical diversity, with the Zagros Mountains to the west and desert plains to the east. The center of the province is Isfahan city (Figure 1). It is the third largest city in Iran after Tehran and Mashhad. The native culture of Isfahan province is deeply rooted in its ancient history (Eshrati & Doulabi, 2021). Isfahan province has a long-standing reputation as one of the primary centers of traditional medicine in Iran, with a rich history of using medicinal plants (Rafie Manzelat & Imani Emadi, 2015). Given Isfahan’s rich history of traditional medicine and its abundance of herbal shops, this study aimed to explore the most popular medicinal plants sold by experienced herbalists in this city. By understanding the types, consumption methods, and therapeutic uses of these plants, we sought to shed light on contemporary practices in Isfahan’s traditional medicine landscape. This research makes a novel contribution to the field, focusing specifically on the historical city of Isfahan.
Figure 1. Geographical location of the study area, Isfahan, Iran.
Materials and methods Data for this study were obtained through semi-structured questionnaires administered to 100 apothecaries. These individuals, as herbal medicine specialists, had years of experience in the field and were directly involved with medicinal plants and customers. The age distribution of the herbal shop owners interviewed was as follows: 10% were under 30 years of age, 33.33% were between 30 and 40 years, 48.33% were between 40 and 50 years, and 8.33% were over 50 years of age. The majority of respondents were male (71.67%). In terms of educational attainment, 58.33% held undergraduate degrees, while 41.67% had earned Bachelor's or Master's degrees. The structure of the questionnaire is shown in Table 1. Plant samples were obtained as dried plant organs from apothecaries. Macroscopic morphological analyses were conducted to ensure accurate identification of the samples. The majority of samples were readily identified through macroscopic examination. Taxonomic identification of plant species was performed by botanists using established taxonomic methods and identification keys (Assadi, 1989-2016). The specimens were deposited in the Herbarium of Payame Noor University of Isfahan. Their scientific names were verified using the POWO website (https://powo.science.kew.org/). Finally, the collected data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel® 2019. Figure 2 shows some herbal markets of Isfahan. Table 1. Structure of the questionnaire used to interview the informants.
Figure 2. A representative sample of the herbal shops surveyed for this study (photographed by the authors).
The data were also analyzed using quantitative ethnobotanical indices, such as RFC (Relative Frequency of Citation), UV (Use Value), RI (Relative Importance Index), and ICF (Informant Consensus Factor). RFC is calculated as the frequency of citation (FC, the number of informants mentioning the use of the species) divided by the total number of informants in the survey (N) [RFC = FC/N]. UV was calculated as UV = U/n, where U is the number of uses reported for a species and n is the total number of informants who cited the plant (Trotter & Logan, 1986). RI determines the importance of a plant species according to the number of uses of each plant and body organ systems treated by it. The RI index was calculated as RI = (Rel PH + Rel BS) × 100 / 2, where Rel PH is the relative number of pharmacological properties and Rel BS is the relative number of body systems treated (Bennett & Prance, 2000). The ICF index was calculated as ICF = (Nur - Nt) / (Nur - 1), where Nur is the number of uses reported for a disease category and Nt is the number of plant taxa used to treat the disease category (Sargin & Büyükcengiz, 2019; Yaseen et al., 2015). The classification of diseases was based on the International Classification of Primary Care (ICPC-3) method. Results Isfahan’s herbalists featured various combinations of local and traditional medicinal plants. Table S1 provides a detailed overview of the most frequently sold medicinal plants in Isfahan's herbal shops. This study identified 82 of the most popular plants sold by herbal stores. Avishan (Thymus vulgaris L.), Avishane Shirazi (Zataria multiflora Boiss.), Ostokhodos (Lavandula angustifolia Mill.), and Babooneh (Matricaria chamomilla L.) were the most widely used by Isfahan residents. The quantitative ethnobotanical indices for the medicinal plants are presented in Table 2. RFC is a quantitative index representing the relative importance of a plant species in a community. In other words, the RFC index quantifies the popularity of a specific plant. In this study, the RFC ranged from 0.02% (Peganum harmala L.) to 0.92% (Zataria multiflora). Lavandula angustifolia (0.88%) and Matricaria chamomilla (0.86%) also exhibited high RFC values (Table 2). A higher RFC indicates that the plant is more widely known and used by the community. By calculating the RFC for different plant species, researchers can identify the most important plants in a community and track changes in traditional knowledge over time (Ma'arif et al., 2023). Accordingly, Avishan, Ostokhodos, and Babooneh were the most consumed plants. However, the RFC has limitations. It does not account for the intensity of use or the cultural significance of the plant. Therefore, although RFC is a valuable tool, it is often used in conjunction with other indices to obtain a more comprehensive understanding of plant use.
Table 2. Quantitative ethnobotanical indices for the best-selling medicinal plants in Isfahan herbal shops.
* Native to Iran
FC (Frequency of Citation): The number of herbalists who mentioned the name of this plant. RFC (Relative Frequency Citation): The local importance of each taxon that is given by the FC divided by the total number of informants in the survey. RI (Relative importance): The importance of a plant species according to the number of uses of each plant taxa and body organ systems treated by it. UV (use value): The relative importance of locally known plant taxa. Among the plants introduced by herbal shops, native species were more common, reflecting a preference for locally sourced and culturally significant plants. Native plants constituted 68.3% of the medicinal plants sold by herb stores in Isfahan, whereas non-native plants constituted 31.7%. Other ethnobotanical indices, such as UV, RI and ICF, can provide additional insights into the importance of plants in a community. The UV index represents the relative importance of a plant species based on the number of reported uses for each species. Based on the results, the UV index varied between 0.01 (for Phoenix dactylifera L. and Allium jesdianum Boiss. & Buhse) and 0.66 (for Borago officinalis L..), while Borago officinalis L. recorded the highest RI value of 75.00. The ICF index expresses the consensus among informants regarding the use of plant taxa for treating different disease categories. Table 3 shows the ICF in this study.
Table 3. Informant Consensus Factor (ICF) for the diseases category
While medicinal plants are effective in treating various diseases, excessive or incorrect use can lead to side effects. Additionally, some medicinal plants are used in combination with others as supplements (Ekor, 2014; Singh & Gohil, 2024). Table 4 lists the potential side effects of each herb due to high consumption and its commonly used companion plants.
Table 4. A list of potential complications for medicinal plants and their commonly used companion plants in Isfahan.
The most important and widely used plant families were Lamiaceae, Apiaceae, and Asteraceae, respectively, highlighting the diversity of plant groups used in traditional medicine in Isfahan (Figure 3). The results showed that the plant parts most commonly used by the people of Isfahan were flowers (41.1%), leaves (24.8%), and seeds (20.8%), respectively (Figure 4).
Figure 3. A visual representation of the most popular plant families in traditional medicine in Isfahan.
Figure 4. A visual representation of the most popular plant organs used in traditional medicine in Isfahan.
According to the results, the most common health conditions treated with medicinal plants in Isfahan were respiratory illnesses (such as colds), intestinal disorders, and nervous system ailments (Figure 5). The most commonly used forms of medicinal plants in Isfahan were infusions, decoctions, and distillates, respectively (Figure 6).
Figure 5. A visual representation of the primary therapeutic applications of medicinal plants in Isfahan.
Figure 6. A visual representation of the traditional preparation methods of medicinal plants in Isfahan.
Discussion Based on interviews conducted with herbal shop owners as part of the present study, Isfahan residents demonstrated a strong preference for using medicinal plants throughout the year. This preference was attributed to several factors reported by the interviewees, including the potential side effects of chemical drugs, the time-consuming nature of medical appointments, and the often shorter treatment duration associated with medicinal plants. Consequently, individuals in Isfahan extensively use plant organs to manage and treat various health conditions. According to the interviews, most treatment periods lasted between 2 weeks and 2 months. This study showed that native plants constitute most of the medicinal plants sold by herbal stores in Isfahan. This could be due to cultural factors, historical use, or perceived benefits of using locally adapted plants. Approximately 68% of the plants used by the people of Isfahan province are native to Iran. Due to the diverse climate of Isfahan province, Isfahan is one of the main centers for the production and supply of medicinal plants in Iran. A significant volume of the medicinal plants available in this province are native and locally grown. However, some medicinal plants are also imported from abroad, due to specific needs or the inability to cultivate them domestically. Plants such as Ostokhodos, Zanjebil, Darchin, and certain special spices are among the imported medicinal plants. In some other studies in Iran, the majority of plants used by people were also native species (such as: Maleki et al., 2025; Ghafouri et al., 2025).). Therefore, it can be said that the results show that both indigenous and imported plants are used in traditional Iranian medicine, and both groups play an important role in meeting the therapeutic needs of the people. However, given the high biodiversity of Iran, indigenous plants have a significant contribution in this field (Maleki et al., 2025). According to the results, the most important and widely used plant families included Lamiaceae, Apiaceae, and Asteraceae, respectively, indicating the diversity of plant groups used in traditional medicine in Isfahan. Lamiaceae plants are often known for their aromatic properties and potential medicinal benefits for the respiratory system (Sim et al., 2019), whereas Asteraceae plants are known for their diverse pharmacological activities (Bessada et al., 2015; Nadaf et al., 2025). In this study, the highest RFC values were observed for Zataria multiflora, Thymus vulgaris, Lavandula angustifolia, and Matricaria chamomilla. Thymus is a widely used plant for treating colds and as a spice (Uzun & Koca, 2020). L. angustifolia and M. chamomilla are frequently used to relieve stress (Vitalini et al., 2013). Notably, most of the species in this study exhibited high RFC values and are well-known among the local people of Isfahan. The results showed that Avishan, Ostokhodos, and Babooneh were among the most frequently used medicinal plants. Avishan (Thymus vulgaris), a plant rich in phytochemical compounds such as phenols, flavonoids, and terpenoids (including monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes), is widely recognized for its numerous health benefits. These include pain relief, immune system stimulation, and antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant properties (Shokrzadeh et al., 2015). Avishan is highly valued among Iranians (Meamari et al., 2022). The aerial parts of Avishan are used in Isfahan to treat stomach, kidney, and lung disorders, headaches, colds with cough symptoms, flu, cancer, and various other ailments. Ostokhodos (Lavandula angustifolia) is one of the most valuable medicinal plants in the economic industry due to its diverse applications, including essential oil production, the dried flower market, and pharmaceutical and nutraceutical uses (Batiha et al., 2023). In addition to its wide applications in the preparation of cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, the food industry and environmental products, this plant has a solid by-product rich in polyphenols and polysaccharides (Crișan et al., 2023). Ostokhodos exhibits antioxidant properties due to its phenolic acid, flavonoid, and coumarin compounds (Dobros et al., 2022). It is used widely in Iran for treating nervous, digestive, and respiratory diseases (Golfakhrabadi et al., 2017). According to reports from herbal shop owners, Isfahan residents use the Ostokhodos to alleviate headaches and nervous disorders, aid digestion, promote weight loss, cleanse the liver, treat wounds, and reduce joint pain associated with increased blood circulation. Babooneh (Matricaria chamomilla) is a versatile herbal remedy with diverse and valuable properties. This plant is widely used in traditional medicine and has significant economic value. Babooneh has been used to treat stomach problems, muscle cramps, dermatitis, and minor infections. It contains phytochemical compounds such as flavonoids, coumarins, volatile oils, terpenes, organic acids, and polysaccharides (Dai et al., 2022). Based on the results, Isfahan residents use the leaves and flowers of this plant for various ailments, including digestive issues, pulmonary problems, headaches, colds with fever and cough, influenza, cancer, menstrual disorders, skin and hair conditions, and allergies. Babooneh is also used as a blood purifier (Kimura et al., 2024), milk enhancer (Bebitoglu, 2020), antibiotic, hematopoietic agent (Abbasi et al., 2022), sedative, carminative (Kabiraj & Deshmukh, 2024), choleretic (Paniagua-Zambrana et al., 2024), anti-nausea medication, pain reliever, and lubricant (Bakhtiari et al., 2023). In this study, Borago officinalis exhibited the highest UV at 0.66. This plant, which contains various phytochemical compounds such as trans-anethole, estragole, and fenchone, has diverse applications (Rather et al., 2016). According to the results, F. vulgare was found to have 16 reported uses. Borago officinalis, on the other hand, had the highest RI at 75.00. This species is widely consumed by residents of Isfahan and neighboring cities and affects 11 body systems. Based on Table 3, we categorized the diseases into 12 groups. The highest ICF values were observed for cold-related ailments (respiratory system) at 0.92, sedative-related conditions (nervous system) at 0.87, and digestive system and women's health at 0.79. High ICF values for specific disease categories may indicate strong local confidence in medicinal plant use for treating these ailments (Mohammadi et al., 2023). Notably, these disease categories are commonly reported in ethnobotanical studies (Arvin & Firuzeh, 2022; Karaköse, 2022). A study of high-demand medicinal plants in Mashhad's herbal markets found that most medicinal plants were used for digestive problems (Motahhari et al., 2022), whereas the present study (in Isfahan) found a focus on respiratory ailments. Different climates and environmental conditions can influence the prevalence of certain diseases and, consequently, the types of medicinal plants used to treat them. For example, a drier climate might lead to more respiratory issues, while a more humid environment might result in more digestive problems. Conversely, the lowest ICF value was found for blood system disorders (0), which is consistent with findings from other ethnobotanical studies conducted in Iran (Mohammadi et al., 2023). This observation clearly highlights that blood disorders have received less attention in our study. There are several reasons for this. Firstly, blood disorders, such as anemia or polycythemia, may be less frequently addressed in herbal markets due to their clinical complexities and the need for specialized treatments. Additionally, many individuals may seek herbal remedies for more common ailments, such as respiratory or gastrointestinal issues, which are more widely recognized in public culture. Consequently, the medicinal plants associated with these more prevalent conditions tend to receive greater attention. Furthermore, we utilized complementary indices such as Use Value (UV) and Relative Importance (RI) in our study to provide a more comprehensive picture of the use of medicinal plants in treating various diseases. These indices helped us examine factors like frequency and diversity of plant use among informants, thereby compensating for the limitations present of the ICF. The results showed that Isfahan residents use various medicinal plants throughout the year. During spring, when allergic diseases are prevalent due to plant pollination, they frequently consume herbal distillates such as Baharnarenj, Golab, Kasni, and Shahtareh. In summer, to combat the heat, they use herbal syrups such as Tokhmeh Sharbati, Khakeshir, Baharnarenj, and Bidmeshk. During the cooler autumn and winter seasons, when viral diseases like colds are common, they switch to plants such as Anab, Nakhonak, Sepestan, Panirak, Avishan, and Geshniz seeds. This seasonal use of medicinal plants aligns with the preferences and needs of Isfahan's population. Similar findings have been reported in other studies (Ashayeri et al., 2013; Hosseini et al., 2017; Majidi et al., 2024). According to this study, the most frequently used medicinal plants in Isfahan are for treating cold-related, intestinal, and sedative disorders. Intestinal diseases, including colon cancer, have become increasingly prevalent in Isfahan province, mirroring a global trend (Saberzadeh-Ardestani et al., 2024). The increased prevalence of intestinal diseases in Isfahan province can be attributed to a combination of factors, including the local climate, diet, and specific health challenges (Jafari et al., 2016). Lifestyle changes and non-standard dietary habits have also contributed to the increasing incidence of these conditions among adults (Sámano et al., 2022). Based on our observations, herbal shops in different parts of Isfahan, both in the northern (less affluent) and southern (more affluent) regions, offer a similar range of medicinal herbs, which indicates that the demand for various medicinal herbs is relatively uniform across the city. Herbal shops usually have customers from different parts of the city and do not serve only residents of their own neighborhood, which makes it difficult to link consumption patterns to a specific area. For example, herbal shops in Isfahan's Naqsh-e Jahan Square, which are traditional and famous, are visited by customers from different geographical locations in the city who come to purchase medicinal herbs. Therefore, a precise division cannot be provided in this regard. However, in general, it can be stated that residents of the upper city, due to greater economic and welfare opportunities, prioritize the use of chemical drugs and modern medical services and are less likely to visit apothecaries or rely on traditional medicine. A study conducted by Poli et al. (2025) confirms that residents of urban areas with greater economic and welfare opportunities are more inclined towards modern medicine. Flowers are the most commonly used plant organ by Isfahan residents, reflecting their significance in herbal treatments. Flowers are often valued for their aromatic and medicinal properties, whereas leaves and seeds are often valued for their nutritional and therapeutic properties. Pigments found in flowers, such as flavonoids and terpenoids, possess numerous therapeutic properties, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer effects (Liu et al., 2023). The results of this study are consistent with our earlier findings. An ethnobotanical study conducted in Ardestan city (Isfahan province) highlighted the widespread use of flowers in traditional medicine (Haerinasab & Abbasi, 2019). As with other studies conducted in the herbal market of Turkey (Uzun & Koca, 2020; Emre et al., 2021), infusion was the most common method of consuming medicinal plants in Isfahan. Infusions might be preferred due to their ease of preparation and mild effects, whereas decoctions can be used to extract concentrated compounds from plant materials (Melnyk et al., 2021).
Conclusion Based on the results of this research, Isfahan's traditional apothecaries are significant repositories of medicinal plant knowledge. These establishments play a pivotal role in disseminating information about herbal remedies and promoting their use. However, challenges such as a lack of regulations, limited consumer awareness, inconsistent quality control, and diverse plant nomenclature hinder the full potential of medicinal plants in Isfahan. Despite these challenges, the future of medicinal plants in Isfahan appears promising. By standardizing products, providing customer education, reviving cultivation, fostering research collaborations, and developing local brands, apothecaries can contribute to the sustainable growth of the industry. The rich historical and cultural heritage associated with Isfahan's medicinal plants underscores the importance of preserving and promoting this knowledge. By addressing these challenges and capitalizing on opportunities, the future of medicinal plants in Isfahan can be secured.
Contribution statement Shabnam Abbasi: Collected, analyzed, and interpreted the data; wrote the original draft. Peyman Aghaei: Conducted interviews and collected data. Mohammad Sadegh Amiri: Provided the initial idea and approved the final version of the manuscript. Maryam Haerinasab: Supervised the research project; contributed to the conceptualization, methodology, and evaluation of the manuscript.
Conflict of interest The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement The authors wish to thank Payame-Noor University and Farhangian University for supporting this work.
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A., Romeiser, J. L., Senzel, L., Galanakis, D., Halper, D., & Bennett-Guerrero, E. (2024). The acute effect of chamomile intake on blood coagulation tests in healthy volunteers: A randomized trial. The Journal of Applied Laboratory Medicine, 9(3), 468-476. https://doi.org/10.1093/jalm/jfad120 Liu, X., Wang, S., Cui, L., Zhou, H., Liu, Y., Meng, L., Chen, S., Xi, X., Zhang, Y., & Kang, W. (2023). Flowers: precious food and medicine resources. Food Science and Human Wellness, 12(4), 1020-1052. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fshw.2022.10.022 Ma'arif, B., Nurfadhilah, E., Muslikh, F. A., Aditama, A. P. R., Suryadinata, A., Ahdi, I. R., ... & Maulina, N. (2023). Formulation of aromatherapy massage oil from Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia), Chamomile (Matricaria recutita), and Petitgrain (Citrus aurantium) for stress relief. Journal of Medicinal and Chemical Sciences, 6(12), 3078-3086. https://doi.org/10.26655/JMCHEMSCI.2023.12.23 Mahdavi, A., Bagherniya, M., Mirenayat, M. S., Atkin, S. L., & Sahebkar, A. (2021). Medicinal plants and phytochemicals regulating insulin resistance and glucose homeostasis in type 2 diabetic patients: a clinical review. In Barreto, G.E., Sahebkar, A. (Eds.) Pharmacological Properties of Plant-Derived Natural Products and Implications for Human Health (pp. 161-183). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64872-5_13 Maleki, T., Leonti, M., Dal Cero, M., Sonboli, A., & Weckerle, C. S. (2025). Kurdish ethnomedicine in the context of historic migration. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 339, 119132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2024.119132 Majidi, A. H., Arifi, A., & Qasimi, A. B. (2024). Traditional use of medicinal plant diversity in the Yawan district of Badakhshan, Afghanistan. Vegetos, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42535-024-00926-z Meamari, S., Yavari, A., & Bikdeloo, M. (2022). Comparison of antioxidant activity, phenolic and flavonoid Contents of Zataria Multiflora Populations in Iran. Journal of Medicinal plants and By-Products, 11(Special), 10-106. https://doi.org/10.22092/jmpb.2021.356755.1427 Melnyk, H., Yarnykh, T., & Buryak, M. (2021). Pharmacopeial aspects of preparation of infusions and decoctions in pharmacies. EUREKA: Health Sciences,(4), 87-93. https://doi.org/10.21303/2504-5679.2021.001971 Mohammadi, T., Moazzeni, H., Pirani, A., Vaezi, J., Motahhari, K., Joharchi, M. R., & Bussmann, R. W. (2023). Ethnobotany of plants used by indigenous communities in Birjand, a dry region with rich local traditional knowledge in eastern Iran. Ethnobotany Research and Applications, 26, 1-40. http://dx.doi.org/10.32859/era.26.21.1-40 Motahhari, K., Pirani, A., Moazzeni, H., Joharchi, M. R., & Bussmann, R. W. (2022). High–demand medicinal plants of herbal markets in Mashhad, Iran. Economic Botany, 76(4), 414-433. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12231-022-09557-4 Nadaf, M., Halimi Khalil Abad, M., Omidipour, R., Soorgi, H., Riahi-Madvar, A., & Ghamari, E. S. (2025). Ethnobotanical knowledge, chemistry, and pharmacology of the Asteraceae Family in Iran: A review. Ethnobotany Research and Applications, 30, 1-27. https://ethnobotanyjournal.org/index.php/era/article/view/6544 Paniagua-Zambrana, N. Y., Bussmann, R. W., & Kikvidze, Z. (2024). Matricaria chamomilla L. Matricaria discoidea DC. Asteraceae. In Ethnobotany of the Mountain Regions of Eastern Europe: Carpathians (pp. 1-10). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-98744-2_188-1 Poli, M. A., Hossain, M. J., Kholil, I., Yasmin, S., Bhowmick, B., & Kundu, L. R. (2025). Traditional medicine use and associated factors in chronic patients in Jamalpur, Bangladesh: a cross-sectional study. Frontiers in Public Health, 13, 1548728. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2025.1548728 Popoola, O. M. (2024). Towards sustainability in the source of raw materials for herbal remedies. In Herbal Medicine Phytochemistry: Applications and Trends (pp. 1547-1570). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-21973-3_49-1 Rafie Manzelat, R., & Imani Emadi, M. (2015). A review on development of historical city center and revitalization process in Isfahan/Iran. World Academy of Science, Engineering, and Technology, 9(6), 789-794. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:47867152 Rather, M. A., Dar, B. A., Sofi, S. N., Bhat, B. A., & Qurishi, M. A. (2016). Foeniculum vulgare: A comprehensive review of its traditional use, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and safety. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 9, S1574-S1583. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ARABJC.2012.04.011 Saadati, R., Sattarian, A., Daneshvar, A., Amini, E., & Nasrollahi, F. (2022). Study on supply and consumption of medicinal plants in perfumeries of Eastern Golestan province. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research, 38(2), 332-344. https://doi.org/10.22092/ijmapr.2022.357299.3118 [In Persian]. Saberzadeh-Ardestani, B., Khosravi, A. A., Mansour-Ghanaei, F., Vahedi, H., Baniasadi, N., Seyyedmajidi, M., Parhizkar, B., Hormati, A., Naghshbandi, S. J., & Matin, S. (2024). Clinical phenotype and disease course of inflammatory bowel disease in Iran: Results of the Iranian Registry of Crohn’s and Colitis (IRCC). Archives of Iranian Medicine, 27(4), 183. https://doi.org/10.34172/aim.2024.27 Sámano, R., Esparza-Juárez, F., Chico-Barba, G., González-Medina, E., Sánchez-Jiménez, B., & Hernández-Trejo, M. (2022). Association of diet, body mass index, and lifestyle on the gastrointestinal health risk in a sample of adults. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(17), 10569. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710569 Sargin, S. A., & Büyükcengiz, M. (2019). Plants used in ethnomedicinal practices in Gulnar district of Mersin, Turkey. 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Routledge. https://B2n.ir/dr2600 Umair, M., Altaf, M., Ahsan, T., Bussmann, R. W., Abbasi, A. M., Gatasheh, M. K., & Elrobh, M. (2024). Study of medicinal plants used in ethnoveterinary medical system in riverine areas of Punjab, Pakistan. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 20(1), 48. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-024-00686-9 Uzun, S. P., & Koca, C. (2020). Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants traded in herbal markets of Kahramanmaraş. Plant Diversity, 42(6), 443-454. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pld.2020.12.003 Vitalini, S., Iriti, M., Puricelli, C., Ciuchi, D., Segale, A., & Fico, G. (2013). Traditional knowledge on medicinal and food plants used in Val San Giacomo (Sondrio, Italy)—An alpine ethnobotanical study. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 145(2), 517-529. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2012.11.024 Yang, Z., Bi, J., Li, B., Mao, F., Jiang, J., Gu, X., Fang, H., Wang, Q., Zheng, K., & Zhao, Y. (2024). Phytochemical profile and antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant activities of the essential oils in the aerial part and root of Glehnia littoralis Fr. Schmidt ex Miq. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology, 132, 102288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmpp.2024.102288 Yaseen, G., Ahmad, M., Sultana, S., Alharrasi, A. S., Hussain, J., & Zafar, M. (2015). Ethnobotany of medicinal plants in the Thar Desert (Sindh) of Pakistan. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 163, 43-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.12.053
Table S1. Most-selling medicinal plants in herbal shops of Isfahan.
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An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in Mersin (Turkey). Frontiers in Pharmacology, 12, 664500. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.664500 Eshrati, P., & Doulabi, P. (2021). Analysis of the historic urban landscape of Isfahan based on the cultural and natural foundations from the beginning to the end of the Safavid era. Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development, 13(33), 153-166. https://doi.org/10.22034/aaud.2019.163987.1761 [In Persian]. Fattahi Ardakani, M., Namiranian, N., Afkhami Ardekani, M., Zareipour, M., Asadian, A., & Heydari, S. (2024). Consumption of medicinal plants among patients with diabetes in eastern mediterranean regional office countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Nutrition and Food Security, 9(1), 116-131. https://doi.org/10.18502/jnfs.v9i1.14846 Ghafouri, S., Safaeian, R., Ghanbarian, G., Lautenschläger, T., & Ghafouri, E. (2025). Medicinal plants used by local communities in southern Fars Province, Iran. Scientific Reports, 15(1), 5742. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-88341-5 Golfakhrabadi, F., Yousefbeyk, F., Hassanzadeh, A., & Sadat Hamedi, S. (2017). Ostokhodos in Iranian traditional medicine and new studies. Journal of Islamic and Iranian Traditional Medicine, 8(2), 161-172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seizure.2014.01.013 Haerinasab, M., & Abbasi, S. (2019). Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants and introduction to some poisonous plant species of Ardestan (Isfahan province). Journal of Medicinal Plants, 18(70), 122-143. http://jmp.ir/article-1-1770-en.html [In Persian]. Hajipour, S., Ghonoudi, A., Alinia-Ahandani, E., & Riaz, A. (2024). A short review of the current and future prospects of herbal medicine and natural products. Journal of Human Environment and Health Promotion, 10(4), 191-198. http://dx.doi.org/10.61186/jhehp.10.4.191 Hosseini, Z., Feizi, H., & Moradi, R. (2017). Assessing supply and demand of medicinal plants in Shiraz apothecaries. Journal of Islamic and Iranian Traditional Medicine, 8(1), 123-133. http://jiitm.ir/article-1-849-en.html Jafari, R., Sharifi, F., Bagherpour, B., & Safari, M. (2016). Prevalence of intestinal parasites in Isfahan city, central Iran, 2014. Journal of Parasitic Diseases, 40, 679-682. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12639-014-0557-9 Kabiraj, A., & Deshmukh, R. (2024). A review on chinese herbal medicine used as carminative. Pharmacological Research-Modern Chinese Medicine, 11, 100409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prmcm.2024.100409 Karaköse, M. (2022). An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in Güce district, north-eastern Turkey. Plant Diversity, 44(6), 577-597. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pld.2022.03.005 Kiasi, Y., Forouzeh, M. R., Mirdeilami, S. Z., & Niknahad-Gharmakher, H. (2023). Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by QizilbashTribe in North of Iran. Environmental Resources Research, 11(2), 239-256. https://doi.org/10.22069/ijerr.2024.20098.1372 Kimura, R., Schwartz, J. A., Romeiser, J. L., Senzel, L., Galanakis, D., Halper, D., & Bennett-Guerrero, E. (2024). The acute effect of chamomile intake on blood coagulation tests in healthy volunteers: A randomized trial. The Journal of Applied Laboratory Medicine, 9(3), 468-476. https://doi.org/10.1093/jalm/jfad120 Liu, X., Wang, S., Cui, L., Zhou, H., Liu, Y., Meng, L., Chen, S., Xi, X., Zhang, Y., & Kang, W. (2023). Flowers: precious food and medicine resources. Food Science and Human Wellness, 12(4), 1020-1052. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fshw.2022.10.022 Ma'arif, B., Nurfadhilah, E., Muslikh, F. A., Aditama, A. P. R., Suryadinata, A., Ahdi, I. R., ... & Maulina, N. (2023). Formulation of aromatherapy massage oil from Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia), Chamomile (Matricaria recutita), and Petitgrain (Citrus aurantium) for stress relief. Journal of Medicinal and Chemical Sciences, 6(12), 3078-3086. https://doi.org/10.26655/JMCHEMSCI.2023.12.23 Mahdavi, A., Bagherniya, M., Mirenayat, M. S., Atkin, S. L., & Sahebkar, A. (2021). Medicinal plants and phytochemicals regulating insulin resistance and glucose homeostasis in type 2 diabetic patients: a clinical review. In Barreto, G.E., Sahebkar, A. (Eds.) Pharmacological Properties of Plant-Derived Natural Products and Implications for Human Health (pp. 161-183). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64872-5_13 Maleki, T., Leonti, M., Dal Cero, M., Sonboli, A., & Weckerle, C. S. (2025). Kurdish ethnomedicine in the context of historic migration. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 339, 119132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2024.119132 Majidi, A. H., Arifi, A., & Qasimi, A. B. (2024). Traditional use of medicinal plant diversity in the Yawan district of Badakhshan, Afghanistan. Vegetos, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42535-024-00926-z Meamari, S., Yavari, A., & Bikdeloo, M. (2022). Comparison of antioxidant activity, phenolic and flavonoid Contents of Zataria Multiflora Populations in Iran. 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آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 127 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 25 |
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