تعداد نشریات | 43 |
تعداد شمارهها | 1,676 |
تعداد مقالات | 13,679 |
تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 31,706,783 |
تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 12,527,407 |
ادب و قدرت: نشانگرهای زبانی مخالفت در جلسات دفاع از پایاننامه | ||
نشریه پژوهش های زبان شناسی | ||
مقاله 6، دوره 1، شماره 1، آذر 1388، صفحه 79-100 اصل مقاله (242.91 K) | ||
نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
نویسنده | ||
سید محمد حسینی* | ||
عضو گروه زبان و ادبیات انگلیسی، دانشگاه اراک | ||
چکیده | ||
تأثیر عامل قدرت در نظریههای زبانشناسی ادب همواره مورد تأکید بودهاست، اما نحوه این تأثیر در همه بافتها و موقعیتها یکسان و ضرورتاً مطابق با پیشبینی نظریهها نیست. در تحقیق حاضر، نشانگرهای زبانی ادب در جلسات دفاع از پایاننامه کارشناسیارشد به زبان فارسی هنگام بیان نظر مخالف بررسی شده است. هشت جلسه دفاع در چهار گروه آموزشی در دو دانشکده ضبط و موارد ابراز نظر مخالف از نظر نوع نشانگرهای ادب و بر اساس رابطه نسبی قدرت بین افراد مخالفت کننده و مخالفت شونده (استاد-دانشجو، دانشجو-استاد، استاد-استاد و دانشجو-دانشجو) در چارچوب نظریه ادب براون و لوینسن (1987) بررسی و تحلیل شده است. نتایج حاصل نشاندهندة تأثیر عامل قدرت بر نوع و بسامد بهکارگیری نشانگرهای زبانی ادب در بیان نظر مخالف است، اما چگونگی این تأثیر در برخی موارد برخلاف پیشبینی براون و لوینسن (1987) و لیچ (1983) و پیچیدهتر از رابطه یکسویهای است که در این رویکردها تصور شده است. عامل قدرت در تعامل با عواملی، همچون شدت تهدید وجهه، منزلت، شرایط اختصاصی بافت موقعیتیِ جلسه دفاع و احتمالاً تفاوتهای نسلی امکان بروز و ظهور مییابد. | ||
کلیدواژهها | ||
واژههای کلیدی: ادب؛ قدرت؛ مخالفت؛ جلسه دفاع از پایاننامه؛ فارسی | ||
مراجع | ||
کتابنامه فخر روحانی، محمدرضا (1382) کاربردشناسی ادوات تکریم در گفتمان دینی فارسی معاصر، رساله دکتری، دانشگاه تهران. علینژاد، بتول (1384) "«ما»ی تعاملی تجلی «خود» اجتماعی ایرانی"، در گرایشهای نوین در زبانشناسی و آموزش زبان (جلد اول)، مجموعه مقالات ارائه شده در اولین همایش زبانشناسی و آموزش زبان در ایران، 277-262. تهران: انتشارات سمت. جهانگیری، نادر (1378) "گونههای احترام، سلطه و همبستگی در زبان فارسی"، در زبان: بازتاب زمان، فرهنگ و اندیشه (مجموعه مقالات). 159-125، تهران: نشر آگه.
Afghari, Akbar (2007). “A sociopragmatic study of apology speech act realization patterns in Persian”. Speech Communication 49, 177–185. Afghari, Akbar and Amin Karimnia (2007). A Contrastive Study of Four Cultural Differences in Everyday Conversation between English and Persian, Intercultural Communication Studies XVI: 1, 243-250. Amouzadeh, Mohammad (2001) “Politeness in Persian”. Language Forum, 27, 131-141. Asdjodi, Minoo (2001). “A comparison between ta'arof in Persian and limao in Chinese”, International Journal of the Sociology of Language 148: 71-92. Beebe, Leslie and Tomoko Takahashi (1989). do you have a bag?: social status and patterned variation in second language acquisition in Susan Gass, Carolyn Madden, Dennis Preston and Larry Selinker (Eds). Variation in Second Language Acquisition: Volume 1: Discourse and Pragmatics, 103-125. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters Ltd. Beeman, William O (1986) Language, Status, and Power in Iran. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Brown, Gillian and George Yule (1983) Discourse Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge Unoversity Press. Brown, Penelope & Stephen C. Levinson (1978) “Universals in language usage: Politeness phenomena” In Esther Goody (Ed.) Questions and Politeness, 56-311. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Brown, Penelope & Stephen C. Levinson (1987) Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Clayman, Steven E (2002) “Disagreements and third parties: dilemmas of neutralism in panel news interviews” Journal of Pragmatics 34, 1385-1401. Eckert, Penelope (1998). “Age as a sociolinguistic variable” in Florian Coulmas (Ed), The Handbook of Sociolinguistics. Blackwell Publishing, Blackwell Reference Online. 28 December 2007 <http://www.blackwellreference.com/subscriber/tocnode?id=g97806321 1938_chunk_g978063121193811>. Edstrom, Anne (2004) “Expressions of disagreement by Venezuelans in conversation: reconsidering the influence of culture”, Journal of Pragmatics 36: 1499-518. Eelen, Gino (2001) A Critique of Politeness Theories. Manchester: St. Jerome. Ehlich, Konrad (1992) “On the historicity of politeness in Richard J” Watths, Sachiko Ide, and Konrad Ehlich (Eds.) Politeness in Language: Studies in its History, Theory and Practice, pp. 71-107. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter. Eslami-Rasekh, Z. (1993) “A cross-cultural comparison of the requestive speech act realization patterns in Persian and English” In L. F. Bouton & Y. Kachru (Eds.), Pragmatics and language learning, Monograph Series, Volume 4, 75-90. Urbana, IL: Division of English as an International Language, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Fairclough, Norman (2001) “Language and Power” (2nd edn.). Harlow: Longman. Fraser, Bruce (2005). “Wither Politeness” in Robin T. Lakoff and Sachiko Ide (Eds) Broadening the Horizon of Linguistic Politeness, 65-83. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Georgakopoulou, Alexandra (2001) “Arguing about the future: on indirect disagreement in conversations”, Journal of Pragmatics 33: 1881-900. Goffman, Erving (1967). Interaction Ritual: Essays on Face-to-face Behavior. New York: Pantheon Books. Graham, Sage (2007) “Disagreeing to agree: Conflict, (im)politeness and identity in a computer-mediated community” Journal of Pragmatics 39: 742–759. Grice, H. P. (1969) “Utterer’s meaning and intentions”, Philosophical Review 78(2): 147-77. Grice, H. P. (1975) “Logic and conversation” In Peter Cole and J. Morgan (Eds.), Syntax and Semantics 3. Speech Acts, 4-58. New York: Academic Press. Habib, Rania (2008) “Humor and disagreement: Identity construction and cross-cultural enrichment” Journal of Pragmatics 40, 1117-1145. Harris, Sandra (2007) “Politeness and Power, in Carmen Llamas”, Louise Mullany and Peter Stockwell (Eds), The Routledge Companion to Sociolinguistics, 122-129. London and New York: Routledge. Haugh, Michael (2007) “The discursive challenge to politeness research: An interactional alternative” Journal of Politeness Research 3: 295-317. Heritage, John (2002) “The limits of questioning: negative interrogatives and hostile question content”. Journal of Pragmatics 34, 1427-1446. Kakava, Christina, (2002). Opposition in Modern Greek discourse: cultural and contextual constraints. Journal of Pragmatics 34, 1537–1568. Kangasharju, Helena, (2002) “Alignment in disagreement: forming oppositional alliances in committee meetings”. Journal of Pragmatics 34, 1447–1471. Keshavarz, Mohammad Hossein (2001) “The role of social context, intimacy, and distance in the choice of forms of address” International Journal of the Sociology of Language 148: 5-18. Koutlaki, Sofia (2009) “Two sides of the same coin: how the notion of ‘face’ is encoded in Persian communication” in Francesca Bargiela-Chiappini, Michael Haugh (Eds.) Face, Communication and Social Interaction, 115-133. London: Equinox Press. Koutlaki, Sofia A. (2002) “Offers and expressions of thanks as face enhancing acts: tæ'arof in Persian” Journal of Pragmatics 34: 1733-56. Labov, William (1972) “The logic of nonstandard English”, in William Labov, Language in the Inner City: Studies in the Black English Vernacular, 201-240. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press. Lakoff, Robin (1973) “The logic of politeness; or minding your p’s and q’s”, Chicago Linguistics Society 8: 292-305. Lakoff, Robin (1975) “Language and Woman's Place”. New York: Harper & Row. Leech, Geoffrey (1983) “Principles of Pragmatics”. London: Longman. Leech, Geoffrey (2005) “Politeness: Is there an East-West Divide?” Journal of Foreign Languages, 6, 1-30. http://www.ling.lancs.ac.uk/staff/geoff/leech2006politeness.pdf. Llamas, Carmen (2007) “Age, in Carmen Llamas, Louise Mullany and Peter Stockwell (Eds)”, The Routledge Companion to Sociolinguistics, 69-76. London and New York: Routledge. Locher, Miriam A. (2004) “Power and Politeness in Action”: Disagreements in Oral Communication. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter. Mills, Sara (2003). Gender and Politeness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Rees-Miller, J. (2000) “Power, severity, and context in disagreement”. Journal of Pragmatics 32, 1087-1111. Sahragard, Rahman (2000) “Politeness in Persian”: A Cultural Pragmatic Analysis. Unpublished PhD Dissertation. Leicester University. Salmani-Nodoushan, Mohammad Ali (2008) “Iranian Complainees' Use of Conversational Strategies: A Politeness Study”. Iranian Journal of Language Studies, vol. 2 (2) 187-214. Scollon, Ron & Suzanne Wong Scollon (1981) “Narrative, Literacy and Face in Interethnic Communication”. Norwood, NJ: Ablex. Scollon, Ron & Suzanne Wong Scollon (2001) “Intercultural Communication: A Discourse Approach”. Oxford: Blackwell. Sharifian, Farzad (2005) “The Persian cultural schema of shekasteh-nafsi: A study of compliment responses in Persian and Anglo-Australian speakers”, Pragmatics and Cognition 13 (2): 337-61. Sharifian, Farzad (2008) “Cultural schemas in L1 and L2 compliment responses”: A study of Persian-speaking learners of English, Journal of Politeness Research 4: 55-80. Spencer-Oatey, Helen (1996) “Reconsidering power and distance”, Journal of Pragmatics 26: 1-24. Spencer-Oatey, Helen (2008a) “Introduction, in Helen Spencer-Oatey” (Ed.) Culturally Speaking: Culture, Communication and Politeness Theory, 1-8. London: Continuum. Spencer-Oatey, Helen (2008b) “Face” (Im)Politeness and Rapport, in Helen Spencer-Oatey (Ed.) Culturally Speaking: Culture, Communication and Politeness Theory, 11-47. London: Continuum. Watts, Richard J. (2003) “Politeness”. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Watts, Richard J., Sachiko Ide, and Konrad Ehlich (Eds.) (1992). Politeness in Language: Studies in its History, Theory and Practice, Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter. Watts, Richard J., Sachiko Ide, and Konrad Ehlich (Eds.) (2005) “Politeness in Languag”: Studies in its History, Theory and Practice (2nd edn.). Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter. Werkhofer, Konrad. (1992) “Traditional and modern views: the social constitution and the power of politeness”, in Watts, R., Ide, S. and Ehlich, K. (eds.), Politeness in Language: Studies in its History, Theory and Practice, 155-199. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Yarmohammadi, Lotfollah (1995) “More on the analysis of politeness forms in English and Persian”: A sociopragmatic approach. In Fifteen Articles in Contrastive Linguistics and the Structure of Persian: Grammar, Text and Discourse, 139-51. Tehran: Rahnama Publication. Yarmohammadi, Niloofar (2003) “Politeness strategies in English and Persian in contrast”. Unpublished PhD Dissertation: Allameh Tabataba'i University.
| ||
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 816 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 1,570 |